What is the ruling on eating or drinking during the adhaan for Fajr? Because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If the iqaamah for prayer is given and the vessel is in the hand of any one of you, let him not put it down until he has finished with it.”.
Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
The hadeeth mentioned in the question was not narrated in
that wording. The wording of the hadeeth is:
It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with
him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him) said: “If one of you hears the call (to prayer) and the vessel is
still in his hand, let him not put it down until he finished with it.”
Narrated by Ahmad, 10251; Abu Dawood. 2350; classed as saheeh
by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood. We will discuss its meaning
according to the scholars below.
Secondly:
It is obligatory for the fasting person to refrain from
things which break the fast from the true dawn until the sun sets. What is
means is when dawn breaks, not the adhaan. Allaah says (interpretation of
the meaning):
“and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn
appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night)”
[al-Baqarah 2:187]
So when a person becomes certain that the true dawn has come,
he has to stop eating and drinking, and if there is food in his mouth he has
to spit it out; if he does not do that, then he has invalidated his fast.
But if a person is not certain that dawn has come, he may eat
until he is certain. The same applies if he knows that the muezzin gives the
call before the time comes, or if he is not sure whether he gives the call
on time or ahead of time: he may eat until he is certain. But it is better
for him to stop eating as soon as he hears the adhaan.
With regard to the hadeeth mentioned above, the scholars
interpreted it as referring to a muezzin who gives the call to prayer before
dawn breaks.
Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said in
al-Majmoo’ 6/333:
We have stated that if dawn breaks and a person has food in
his mouth, he should spit it out and complete his fast. If he swallows it
after knowing that dawn has come, his fast is invalidated. There is no
difference of scholarly opinion on this point. The evidence for that is the
hadeeth of Ibn ‘Umar and ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with them both),
according to which that Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) said: “Bilaal gives the call to prayer at night, so eat
and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives the call to prayer.” Narrated by
al-Bukhaari and Muslim. There are many ahaadeeth in al-Saheeh with
similar meanings.
With regard to the hadeeth of Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be
pleased with him), according which the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) said: “If one of you hears the call (to prayer) and the
vessel is still in his hand, let him not put it down until he has finished
with it” – and according to another version he said: the muezzin used to
give the call to prayer when dawn broke – al-Haakim Abu ‘Abd-Allaah narrated
the first version, and said: This is saheeh according to the conditions of
Muslim. Both were narrated by al-Bayhaqi, who said: If this is saheeh, it is
understood by the majority of scholars as meaning that the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) knew that he used to give the
call to prayer before dawn came, thus the eating and drinking referred to
were taking place just before dawn came.
The phrase “when dawn broke” is understood to be the words of
someone other than Abu Hurayrah, or it may be describing the second adhaan,
in which case the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him) – “If one of you hears the call (to prayer) and the vessel is
still in his hand” – refer to the first call to prayer, so that it is in
accordance with the hadeeth of Ibn ‘Umar and ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be
pleased with them). He said: Thus the reports are in agreement. And Allaah
is the Source of strength, and Allaah knows best.
End quote.
Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allaah have mercy on him) stated in
Tahdheeb al-Sunan that some of the salaf followed the apparent meaning
of the hadeeth mentioned in the question, and they regarded it as
permissible to eat and drink after hearing the adhaan of Fajr. Then he said:
But the majority are of the view that sahoor should stop when
dawn breaks. This is the view of the four imams, and the majority of fuqaha’
of the regions, and was also narrated from ‘Umar and Ibn ‘Abbaas. The
former quoted as evidence the words of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him), “… so eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom
gives the call to prayer, for he does not give the call until dawn breaks.”
It is narrated thus in al-Bukhaari; in some versions it says: “… and he was
a blind man who did not give the call to prayer until it was said to him:
Dawn has come, dawn has come.” And the majority quoted as evidence the words
of Allaah: “and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn
appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night)”
[al-Baqarah 2:187], and the words of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him), “Eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives
the call to prayer,” and his words, “There are two dawns. The first one does
not make it haraam to eat or make it permissible to pray, but the second
makes it haraam to eat and permissible to pray.” Narrated by al-Bayhaqi in
his Sunan.
Reports were narrated from some of the Salaf which indicate
that it is permissible for a fasting person to eat until dawn breaks. Ibn
Hazm (may Allaah have mercy on him) narrated a large number of such reports,
including the report that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab used to say: “If two men are
uncertain about dawn let them eat until they are certain.”
It was narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas said: “Allaah has permitted
drinking so long as you are uncertain, i.e., about the dawn.”
It was narrated that Makhool said: I saw Ibn ‘Umar take a
bucket of Zamzam water and say to two men, “Has dawn come?” One of them
said: “It has come,” and the other said, “No (it hasn’t),” so Ibn ‘Umar
drank (the water).
Ibn Hazm said, commenting on the hadeeth asked about here and
a number of similar reports: All of this refers to cases when they are not
yet certain that dawn has come. Thus the Sunnahs are in accordance with the
Qur’aan.
End quote from al-Muhalla, 4/367.
Undoubtedly most of the muezzins nowadays rely on clocks and
timetables, not on sighting the dawn. This cannot be regarded as certainty
that dawn has come. Whoever eats in this case, his fast is valid, because he
was not certain that dawn had come, but it is better and safer to stop
eating.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him)
was asked: What is the ruling on the fast of one who hears the adhaan of
Fajr but continues eating and drinking?
He replied:
What the believer must do is to abstain from things that
break the fast, eating and drinking etc., when it becomes clear to him that
dawn has broken, if the fast is an obligatory one such as in Ramadaan and
fasts in fulfillment of vows or as an act of expiation, because Allaah says
(interpretation of the meaning):
“and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn
appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night)”
[al-Baqarah 2:187]
If he hears the adhaan and knows that this is the call for
Fajr prayer, he must stop eating. If the muezzin gives the call to prayer
before dawn breaks, then he does not have to stop eating, and it is
permissible for him to eat and drink until it is clear to him that dawn has
come.
If he does not know whether the muezzin gives the call to
prayer before or after dawn, then it is better and safer for him to stop
eating when he hears the adhaan, but it does not matter if he drinks or eats
something during the adhaan because he does not know whether dawn has
broken.
It is well known that those who live in cities where there
are electrical lights cannot know whether dawn has come at the time when it
breaks, but they can follow the adhaan and timetables which give the time of
dawn, hour and minute, in accordance with the words of the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): “Leave that which makes you
doubt for that which does not make you doubt.” And he (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever avoids doubtful matters will
have protected his religious commitment and honour.” And Allaah is the
Source of strength.
End quote, from Fataawa Ramadaan, compiled by Ashraf
‘Abd al-Maqsood, p. 201
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) was
asked: You said that we must stop eating when we hear the adhaan, but a few
years ago they did not stop eating until the end of the adhaan. What is the
ruling on that action of theirs?
He replied:
The adhaan for Fajr prayer may be given either after dawn
breaks or before. If it is given after dawn breaks, then one must stop
eating as soon as he hears the call, because the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Bilaal gives the call to prayer at
night, so eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives the call to prayer, for
he does not give the call until dawn has broken.” If you know that this
muezzin does not give the call to prayer until dawn has broken, then stop as
soon as you hear him. But if the muezzin gives the call based on a timetable
he follows, or based on his watch, then the matter is less serious.
Based on this, we say to this questioner: You do not have to
make up what is past, because you were not certain whether you ate after
dawn had broken. But in the future you should be careful; when you hear the
muezzin, stop eating.
End quote from Fataawa Ramadaan, p. 204
And the Shaykh said, pointing out what is said about
timetables being inaccurate:
Because some people nowadays are uncertain about the
timetables that people have, and they say that they give the time of dawn
too early, we went out into the desert with no lights around us, and we saw
that the dawn came later, and some people exaggerated and suggested that the
dawn comes twenty minutes later.
But it seems that this exaggeration is not correct. What we
think is that the timetables that people have nowadays give the time of dawn
in particular as five minutes early, so if you eat whilst the muezzin is
giving the adhaan according to the timetable, it doesn’t matter. Some
muezzins, may Allaah reward them with good, give the adhaan five minutes
later than the time given in the timetables as they exist at present, as a
precaution, but some ignorant muezzins give the adhaan for Fajr early,
claiming that this is on the safe side with regard to the fast, but they
forget that they are being careless with regard to something that is more
important than the fast, namely Fajr prayer. So people may end up praying
ahead of time based on their adhaan. If a person offers a prayer ahead of
its time, even if he says the opening takbeer, his prayer is not valid…
From Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may
Allaah have mercy on him), vol 19, question no. 772
And Allaah knows best.
From Quran Blog
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